Preprints  

There is currently no standardized method of performing uncertainty propagation in the (U-Th)/He system, causing difficulties in data interpretation. We present two methods of uncertainty propagation and describe a free, open-source software (HeCalc) to apply these methods. A compilation of real data using only analytical uncertainty, and 2 % and 5 % uncertainties in F_T yields respective median relative date uncertainties of 2.9 %, 3.3 % and 5.0 % for apatites and 1.7 %, 3.3 % and 5.0 % for zircons.

We developed code to automatically and semi-automatically measure dimensions of detrital mineral grains in reflected light images saved at LA-ICP-MS facilities that use Chromium targeting software. Our code uses trained deep learning models to segment grain-images with greater accuracy than is possible using other image segmentation techniques. We implement our code in user-accessible, ready-to-run Google Colab notebooks, links to which can be found at https://github.com/MCSitar/colab_zirc_dims.

Apatite helium thermochronology is a method used for dating the time at which a rock (and the apatite crystals contained within) cooled below a certain temperature, by measuring radioactive parent isotopes (uranium and thorium) and daughter isotopes (helium). This paper proposes a revision to a commonly used calculation that corrects raw data to account for instances when the analyzed apatite crystals are fragmented. It demonstrates the improved accuracy and precision of the proposed revision.

We proposed a new non-destructive mineralogical methodology on inframilimetric grains that allows to quantify the hematite and goethite content and hematite/goethite ratio of grains prior to (U-Th)/He geochronological analysis. (U-Th)/He data performed on different aliquots with different acquisition time shows no remarkable differences in age, opening a new way to investigate the (U-Th)/He data evolution in supergene lateritic duricrusts.

The U-Pb dating by in situ laser ablation mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) technique requires reference materials of the same nature as the samples to be analysed. Here, we have explored the suitability of using carbonate materials as reference for sulfates, since there is no sulfate reference material. The results we obtained are satisfactory and thus, from now on, the sulfates can also be analysed.

Cryogenic cave carbonates (CCCs) provide a marker for past permafrost conditions. Their formation age is determined by ²³⁰Th/U dating. However, samples can be contaminated with small amounts of ²³⁰Th at formation, which can cause inaccurate ages and requires correction. We analysed multiple CCCs and found that varying degrees of contamination can cause an apparent spread of ages, when really all samples formed within a single freezing event. A statistical correction method is presented.

Advancements in technology allow for new techniques to date rocks quicker, cheaper, and with little sample preparation. A unique use of this method is to date carbon-rich siltstones and constrain when these rocks were first deposited. This approach can also time when these sequences are subsequently affected by heat or fluids after they were deposited. This is useful, as the formation of metal-bearing fluids or petroleum source rocks is commonly associated with such processes.

Apatite and zircon are the most widely used minerals for dating rocks, but they can be difficult to identify in crushed rock samples. Incorrect mineral identification results in wasted analytical resources and inaccurate data. We show how X-ray computed tomography can be used to rapidly and accurately distinguish apatite from zircon based on density variations, and provide non-destructive 3D grain-specific size, shape, and inclusion information for improved data quality.

Cosmogenic nuclides are a tool to quantify denudation – the total removal of mass from near the Earth's surface. Chemical weathering can introduce biases to cosmogenic nuclide based denudation rates measurements. Here, we investigate the effects of weathering on cosmogenic nuclides and develop tools to correct for this influence. Our results highlight which additional measurements are required to determine accurate denudation rates in regions where weathering is not negligable.

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (SIMS) is the oldest and most sensitive analytical technique for in-situ U-Pb geochronology. This paper introduces a new algorithm for SIMS data reduction that treats the data as 'compositional data', which means that the relative abundances of ²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb and ²³⁸Pb are processed within a tetrahedral data space or 'simplex'. The new method is implemented in an eponymous computer program that is compatible with the two dominant types of SIMS instruments.

Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of mineral grains, and it follows that luminescence dating signals may also be progressively modified. We artificially weathered feldspar samples under different chemical conditions to understand the effect of feldspar partial dissolution on their luminescence properties. Only minor changes were observed on luminescence dating properties, implying that chemical alteration of feldspar surfaces may not affect luminescence dating signals.

We apply quartz ³He paleothermometry along two deglaciation profiles in the European Alps to reconstruct temperature evolution since the Last Glacial Maximum. We observe a ³He thermal signal clearly colder than today in all bedrock surface samples exposed prior the Holocene. Current uncertainties in ³He diffusion kinetics do not permit to distinguish if this signal results from Late Pleistocene ambient temperature changes or from recent ground temperature variation due to permafrost degradation.

Noble gases are largely excluded from minerals during rock formation, but they are produced by certain radioactive decay schemes and trapped in mineral lattices. However, they are present in the atmosphere, which means that they can be adsorbed or trapped by physical processes. We present details of a troublesome trapping mechanism for helium during sample crushing and show when it can be ignored and how it can be easily avoided during common laboratory procedures.

The article demonstrates a new technique that can be used to determine the age of calcite crystallisation using the decay of 176Lu into 176Hf. The technique is novel because it a) Lu-Hf radiometric dating is rarely applied to calcite and b) this is the first instance where analysis has been conducted by ablating the sample with a laser beam rather than bulk dissolution. By using laser ablation the original context of the sample is preserved.

This work provides equations to use minerals with variable concentrations of parent and daughter isotopes as primary standards to correct for elemental fractionation during the analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry.

Age dating of rocks in mountain belts is often undertaken using minerals that grow at relatively high temperature and pressure deep within these belts. However, the upper, cooler parts of mountain belts also contain information on the process by which they formed. Using the radioactive decay of potassium to argon, we investigate the upper part of an ancient mountain belt and discuss how to interpret the complex age signals that can be obtained by this method.

We explored surface exposure dating with two nuclides, to date two sets of moraines from the Yukon Territory and explain the reasoning for the observed ages. Results suggest multiple processes, including preservation of nuclides from a prior exposure period, and later erosion of the moraines is required to explain the data. Our results only allow for the older moraines to date to marine isotope stages three or four, and the younger moraines to date to the very earliest Holocene.

We use age-depth modeling systems to understand the relationship between age and depth in lake sediment cores. However, depending on which modeling system we use, the model results may vary. We provide a tool to link different modeling systems in an interactive computational environment and make their results comparable. We demonstrate the power of our tool by highlighting three case studies in which we test our application for single sediment cores and a collection of multiple sediment cores.

To decipher the environmental conditions of our landscape's past, we typically analyse chemical properties of sediments that have been deposited through time. To which extent these properties can be used to infer past conditions, is a usually unknown. Here we introduce a model that allows us to resolve this question: sandbox is a collection of functions for the software R that allow to create, sample and analyse fully virtual sediment sections, like having a virtual twin of real world deposits.

Dosimetric dating methods based on the analysis of luminescence signals emitted by granular minerals extracted from sedimentary deposits now play an important role in the study of the Quaternary. Here we propose a new approach in which the age of the deposit is calculated by combining the equivalent dose and dose rate distributions. The underlying Bayesian mathematical model and its implementation via an R code are provided, together with the results obtained for a finite set of configurations.

When first introduced together with the depth profile technique to determine the surface exposure age, the linear inversion approach has suffered with the drawbacks of not incorporating erosion and muons into calculation. In this paper, we increase the accuracy and applicability of linear inversion approach by fully considering surface erosion, muogenic production, and radioactive decay, while maintain its advantage of being straightforward to apply to determine an exposure age.

Cosmogenic nuclides are now widely applied in the Earth sciences, however more recent applications often push the analytical limits of the technique. Our study presents a comprehensive method for analysis of cosmogenic ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al samples down to isotope concentrations of few thousand atoms per gram of sample, which opens the door to new and more varied applications of cosmogenic nuclide analysis.

We used cosmogenic radionuclides in detrital river sediment to measure physical erosion rates of watersheds in central Cuba; erosion rates are lower than chemical denudation rates in lowland watersheds. Data from two different cosmogenic nuclides suggest that some basins may have a deeper than typically modeled mixed layer and could have experienced significantly burial after or during exposure. We conclude that significant mass loss may occur at depth through chemical weathering processes.

This paper outlines a method that helps mineral explore for gold. When can see the alteration caused by the mineralising fluids, it is possible to use geochemical methods to vector towards the deposit. But such methods failed at Martabe. We decided to work out why. Our results showed that there were several distinct and separate very short-lived alteration events. The answer might be that vectoring is possible only when samples are compared from the same mineralising system.

Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks of northern Canada have compositionally heterogeneous detrital apatite with high age dispersion caused by differential thermal annealing. Discrete AFT kinetic populations with variable annealing temperatures are defined using elemental data but are poorly resolved using conventional parameters (D_par and Cl). Inverse thermal modelling of samples from northern Yukon reveals a complicated record of multiple heating-cooling cycles consistent with geological constraints.

We present a 3100 year annually banded lake mud record, with an error of −13/+7 %, representing more undercounting than overcounting. Our results provide realistic sedimentation rates that can be used to calculate flux. Our method expands the possibility to overcome the obstacles of indistinct or interrupted banding that can affect the quality and amount of information about environmental change and age. Our results provide realistic sedimentation rates that can be used to calculate flux.

Paleomagnetic data from Cascade Lake (Brooks Range, Alaska) extend the radiometric-based age model of the sedimentary sequence extending back 21 kyr. Correlated ages based on prominent features in paleomagnetic secular variations (PSV) diverge from the radiometric ages in the upper 1.6 m, by up to about 2000 years at around 4 ka. Four late Holocene cryptotephra in this section support the PSV chronology and suggest the influence of hard water or aged organic material.

Mineral grains within sediment or rock absorb a radiation dose from the decay of radionuclides in the host matrix. For the beta dose component, the estimated dose rate must be adjusted for the attenuation of beta particles within the mineral grains. We show here that the mean dose rate to dosimeter grains in a granular matrix is dependent on the grain-size distributions of the source grains, and of the bulk sediment, as well as on the grain size of the dosimeters.

Prehistoric volcanic eruptions are often dated by wiggle matching series of radiocarbon ages on tree rings to standard calibration curves, ignoring potential contamination by 'old' carbon given off by the volcano. We modeled the effects of low amounts of contamination on wiggle match dates for the 10th century Changbaishan eruption and found evidence of contamination in all. We propose a new protocol to identify the presence of contamination, and provide more secure dates for major eruptions.

The timing and duration of fluid activity within a gold deposit enables a greater understanding of how the deposit evolved and thus help future mineral exploration. This research uses high resolution dating methods to unravel the overprinting fluid activity at the Martabe gold field in Sumatra. Methods outline in this report can be applied to deposits globally.

Potassium-based geochronology, including the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and K-Ar methods, provides critical constraints on the timing and duration of many events and processes in earth history. These methods assume that a key parameter, the fraction of potassium with a mass of 40, does not vary in some relevant materials. Some recent work has identified some variability in these materials. This work examines the effects of this variability on calculated K-Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages.