Articles | Volume 2, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-17-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-17-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Apr 2020
Research article |
| 06 Apr 2020
| 06 Apr 2020
Re-evaluating 14C dating accuracy in deep-sea sediment archives
Bryan C. Lougheed
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Philippa Ascough
Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Glasgow, Scotland,
UK
Andrew M. Dolman
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research,
Potsdam, Germany
Ludvig Löwemark
Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Brett Metcalfe
Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the
Netherlands
LSCE-IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette,
France
Related authors
Bryan C. Lougheed and Brett Metcalfe
Biogeosciences, 19, 1195–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1195-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1195-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements on sea-dwelling shelled organisms called foraminifera retrieved from deep-sea sediment cores have been used to reconstruct sea surface temperature (SST) variation. To evaluate the method, we use a computer model to simulate millions of single foraminifera and how they become mixed in the sediment after being deposited on the seafloor. We compare the SST inferred from the single foraminifera in the sediment core to the true SST in the water, thus quantifying method uncertainties.
Brett Metcalfe, Bryan C. Lougheed, Claire Waelbroeck, and Didier M. Roche
Clim. Past, 16, 885–910, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-885-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-885-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Planktonic foraminifera construct a shell that, post mortem, settles to the seafloor, prior to collection by Palaeoclimatologists for use as proxies. Such organisms in life are sensitive to the ambient conditions (e.g. temperature, salinity), which therefore means our proxies maybe skewed toward the ecology of organisms. Using a proxy system model, Foraminifera as Modelled Entities (FAME), we assess the potential of extracting ENSO signal from tropical Pacific planktonic foraminifera.
Bryan C. Lougheed
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 155–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-155-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-155-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Deep-sea sediment archives are made up of the calcareous tests of foraminifera, small sea dwelling organisms that record the Earth's past climate. Sediment cores retrieved from the sea floor contain sediment that is systematically bioturbated (mixed). The SEAMUS model of single foraminifera sedimentation and bioturbation allows users to quantify the error of bioturbation upon their foraminifera-derived climate reconstructions and radiocarbon dates.
Claire Waelbroeck, Sylvain Pichat, Evelyn Böhm, Bryan C. Lougheed, Davide Faranda, Mathieu Vrac, Lise Missiaen, Natalia Vazquez Riveiros, Pierre Burckel, Jörg Lippold, Helge W. Arz, Trond Dokken, François Thil, and Arnaud Dapoigny
Clim. Past, 14, 1315–1330, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1315-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1315-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Recording the precise timing and sequence of events is essential for understanding rapid climate changes and improving climate model predictive skills. Here, we precisely assess the relative timing between ocean and atmospheric changes, both recorded in the same deep-sea core over the last 45 kyr. We show that decreased mid-depth water mass transport in the western equatorial Atlantic preceded increased rainfall over the adjacent continent by 120 to 980 yr, depending on the type of climate event.
Bryan C. Lougheed, Brett Metcalfe, Ulysses S. Ninnemann, and Lukas Wacker
Clim. Past, 14, 515–526, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-515-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-515-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Palaeoclimate reconstructions from deep-sea sediment archives provide valuable insight into past rapid climate change, but only a small proportion of the ocean is suitable for such reconstructions using the existing state of the art, i.e. the age–depth approach. We use dual radiocarbon (14C) and stable isotope analysis on single foraminifera to bypass the long-standing age–depth approach, thus facilitating past ocean chemistry reconstructions from vast, previously untapped ocean areas.
Mara Y. McPartland, Thomas Münch, Andrew M. Dolman, Raphaël Hébert, and Thomas Laepple
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-73, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-73, 2024
Preprint under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
Paleoclimate proxy records contain a combination of climate signals and non-climatic noise. This noise can affect year-to-year variations, or introduce uncertainty on medium and long timescales. Proxies contain different types, or "colors" of noise stemming from the diverse physical and biological processes that go into their creation. We show how non-climatic noise affects tree rings, corals and ice cores. We aim to improve representations of noise in paleoclimate research activities.
Fyntan Shaw, Andrew M. Dolman, Torben Kunz, Vasileios Gkinis, and Thomas Laepple
The Cryosphere, 18, 3685–3698, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3685-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3685-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fast variability of water isotopes in ice cores is attenuated by diffusion but can be restored if the diffusion length is accurately estimated. Current estimation methods are inadequate for deep ice, mischaracterising millennial-scale climate variability. We address this using variability estimates from shallower ice. The estimated diffusion length of 31 cm for the bottom of the Dome C ice core is 20 cm less than the old method, enabling signal recovery on timescales previously considered lost.
Jean-Philippe Baudouin, Nils Weitzel, Maximilian May, Lukas Jonkers, Andrew M. Dolman, and Kira Rehfeld
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1387, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1387, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explore past global temperatures, critical for climate change comprehension. We devise a method to test temperature reconstruction using climate simulations. Uncertainties, mainly from past temperature measurement methods and age determination, impact reconstructions over time. While more data enhances accuracy for long-term trends, high quality data are more important for short-term precision. Our study lays the groundwork for better reconstructions and suggests avenues for improvement.
Chenzhi Li, Alexander K. Postl, Thomas Böhmer, Xianyong Cao, Andrew M. Dolman, and Ulrike Herzschuh
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1331–1343, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1331-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1331-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a global chronology framework of 2831 palynological records, including globally harmonized chronologies covering up to 273 000 years. A comparison with the original chronologies reveals a major improvement according to our assessment. Our chronology framework and revised chronologies will interest a broad geoscientific community, as it provides the opportunity to make use in synthesis studies of, for example, pollen-based vegetation and climate change.
Bryan C. Lougheed and Brett Metcalfe
Biogeosciences, 19, 1195–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1195-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1195-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements on sea-dwelling shelled organisms called foraminifera retrieved from deep-sea sediment cores have been used to reconstruct sea surface temperature (SST) variation. To evaluate the method, we use a computer model to simulate millions of single foraminifera and how they become mixed in the sediment after being deposited on the seafloor. We compare the SST inferred from the single foraminifera in the sediment core to the true SST in the water, thus quantifying method uncertainties.
Andrew M. Dolman, Torben Kunz, Jeroen Groeneveld, and Thomas Laepple
Clim. Past, 17, 825–841, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-825-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-825-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Uncertainties in climate proxy records are temporally autocorrelated. By deriving expressions for the power spectra of errors in proxy records, we can estimate appropriate uncertainties for any timescale, for example, for temporally smoothed records or for time slices. Here we outline and demonstrate this approach for climate proxies recovered from marine sediment cores.
Torben Kunz, Andrew M. Dolman, and Thomas Laepple
Clim. Past, 16, 1469–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1469-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1469-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a method to estimate the uncertainty of climate reconstructions from single sediment proxy records. The method can compute uncertainties as a function of averaging timescale, thereby accounting for the fact that some components of the uncertainty are autocorrelated in time. This is achieved by treating the problem in the spectral domain. Fully analytic expressions are derived. A companion paper (Part 2) complements this with application-oriented examples of the method.
Brett Metcalfe, Bryan C. Lougheed, Claire Waelbroeck, and Didier M. Roche
Clim. Past, 16, 885–910, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-885-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-885-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Planktonic foraminifera construct a shell that, post mortem, settles to the seafloor, prior to collection by Palaeoclimatologists for use as proxies. Such organisms in life are sensitive to the ambient conditions (e.g. temperature, salinity), which therefore means our proxies maybe skewed toward the ecology of organisms. Using a proxy system model, Foraminifera as Modelled Entities (FAME), we assess the potential of extracting ENSO signal from tropical Pacific planktonic foraminifera.
Geert-Jan A. Brummer, Brett Metcalfe, Wouter Feldmeijer, Maarten A. Prins, Jasmijn van 't Hoff, and Gerald M. Ganssen
Clim. Past, 16, 265–282, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-265-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-265-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here, mid-ocean seasonality is resolved through time, using differences in the oxygen isotope composition between individual shells of the commonly used (sub)polar planktonic foraminifera species in ocean-climate reconstruction, N. pachyderma and G. bulloides. Single-specimen isotope measurements during the deglacial period revealed a surprising bimodality, the cause of which was investigated.
Bryan C. Lougheed
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 155–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-155-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-155-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Deep-sea sediment archives are made up of the calcareous tests of foraminifera, small sea dwelling organisms that record the Earth's past climate. Sediment cores retrieved from the sea floor contain sediment that is systematically bioturbated (mixed). The SEAMUS model of single foraminifera sedimentation and bioturbation allows users to quantify the error of bioturbation upon their foraminifera-derived climate reconstructions and radiocarbon dates.
Hilde Pracht, Brett Metcalfe, and Frank J. C. Peeters
Biogeosciences, 16, 643–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-643-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-643-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In palaeoceanography the shells of single-celled foraminifera are routinely used as proxies to reconstruct the temperature, salinity and circulation of the ocean in the past. Traditionally a number of specimens were pooled for a single stable isotope measurement; however, technical advances now mean that a single shell or chamber of a shell can be measured individually. Three different hypotheses regarding foraminiferal biology and ecology were tested using this approach.
Andrew M. Dolman and Thomas Laepple
Clim. Past, 14, 1851–1868, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1851-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1851-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Climate proxies from marine sediments provide an important record of past temperatures, but contain noise from many sources. These include mixing by burrowing organisms, seasonal and habitat biases, measurement error, and small sample size effects. We have created a forward model that simulates the creation of proxy records and provides it as a user-friendly R package. It allows multiple sources of uncertainty to be considered together when interpreting proxy climate records.
Claire Waelbroeck, Sylvain Pichat, Evelyn Böhm, Bryan C. Lougheed, Davide Faranda, Mathieu Vrac, Lise Missiaen, Natalia Vazquez Riveiros, Pierre Burckel, Jörg Lippold, Helge W. Arz, Trond Dokken, François Thil, and Arnaud Dapoigny
Clim. Past, 14, 1315–1330, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1315-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1315-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Recording the precise timing and sequence of events is essential for understanding rapid climate changes and improving climate model predictive skills. Here, we precisely assess the relative timing between ocean and atmospheric changes, both recorded in the same deep-sea core over the last 45 kyr. We show that decreased mid-depth water mass transport in the western equatorial Atlantic preceded increased rainfall over the adjacent continent by 120 to 980 yr, depending on the type of climate event.
Didier M. Roche, Claire Waelbroeck, Brett Metcalfe, and Thibaut Caley
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3587–3603, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3587-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3587-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The oxygen-18 signal recorded in fossil planktonic foraminifers has been used for over 50 years in many geoscience applications. However, different planktonic foraminifer species from the same sediment core generally yield distinct oxygen-18 signals, as a consequence of their specific living habitat in the water column and along the year. To explicitly take into account this variability for five common planktonic species, we developed the portable module FAME (Foraminifers As Modeled Entities).
Bryan C. Lougheed, Brett Metcalfe, Ulysses S. Ninnemann, and Lukas Wacker
Clim. Past, 14, 515–526, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-515-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-515-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Palaeoclimate reconstructions from deep-sea sediment archives provide valuable insight into past rapid climate change, but only a small proportion of the ocean is suitable for such reconstructions using the existing state of the art, i.e. the age–depth approach. We use dual radiocarbon (14C) and stable isotope analysis on single foraminifera to bypass the long-standing age–depth approach, thus facilitating past ocean chemistry reconstructions from vast, previously untapped ocean areas.
G. Saiz, M. Bird, C. Wurster, C. A. Quesada, P. Ascough, T. Domingues, F. Schrodt, M. Schwarz, T. R. Feldpausch, E. Veenendaal, G. Djagbletey, G. Jacobsen, F. Hien, H. Compaore, A. Diallo, and J. Lloyd
Biogeosciences, 12, 5041–5059, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5041-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5041-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate and explain differential patterns in SOM dynamics in C3/C4 mixed ecosystems at various spatial scales across contrasting climate and soils. This study shows that the interdependence between biotic and abiotic factors ultimately determines whether SOM dynamics of C3- and C4-derived vegetation are at variance in ecosystems where both vegetation types coexist. The results also highlight the far-reaching implications that vegetation thickening may have for the stability of deep SOM.
B. Metcalfe, W. Feldmeijer, M. de Vringer-Picon, G.-J. A. Brummer, F. J. C. Peeters, and G. M. Ganssen
Biogeosciences, 12, 4781–4807, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4781-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4781-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Iron biogeochemical budgets during the natural ocean fertilisation experiment KEOPS-2 showed that complex circulation and transport pathways were responsible for differences in the mode and strength of iron supply, with vertical supply dominant on the plateau and lateral supply dominant in the plume. The exchange of iron between dissolved, biogenic and lithogenic pools was highly dynamic, resulting in a decoupling of iron supply and carbon export and controlling the efficiency of fertilisation.
Related subject area
Radiocarbon dating
Towards the construction of regional marine radiocarbon calibration curves: an unsupervised machine learning approach
New age constraints reveal moraine stabilization thousands of years after deposition during the last deglaciation of western New York, USA
The marine reservoir age of Greenland coastal waters
Marine reservoir ages for coastal West Africa
Spatial variability of the modern radiocarbon reservoir effect in the high-altitude lake Laguna del Peinado (southern Puna Plateau, Argentina)
Short communication: Driftwood provides reliable chronological markers in Arctic coastal deposits
A new 30 000-year chronology for rapidly deposited sediments on the Lomonosov Ridge using bulk radiocarbon dating and probabilistic stratigraphic alignment
Miniature radiocarbon measurements ( < 150 µg C) from sediments of Lake Żabińskie, Poland: effect of precision and dating density on age–depth models
Ana-Cristina Mârza, Laurie Menviel, and Luke C. Skinner
Geochronology, 6, 503–519, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-503-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-503-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Radiocarbon serves as a powerful dating tool, but the calibration of marine radiocarbon dates presents significant challenges because the whole surface ocean cannot be represented by a single calibration curve. Here we use climate model outputs and data to assess a novel method for developing regional marine calibration curves. Our results are encouraging and point to a way forward for solving the marine radiocarbon age calibration problem without relying on model simulations of the past.
Karlee K. Prince, Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Brooke M. Chase, Andrew L. Kozlowski, Tammy M. Rittenour, and Erica P. Yang
Geochronology, 6, 409–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We fill a spatial data gap in the ice sheet retreat history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet after the Last Glacial Maximum and investigate a hypothesis that the ice sheet re-advanced into western New York, USA, at ~13 ka. With radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, we find that ice began retreating from its maximum extent after 20 ka, but glacial ice persisted in glacial landforms until ~15–14 ka when they finally stabilized. We find no evidence of a re-advance at ~13 ka.
Christof Pearce, Karen Søby Özdemir, Ronja Forchhammer Mathiasen, Henrieka Detlef, and Jesper Olsen
Geochronology, 5, 451–465, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-451-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-451-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable chronologies lie at the base of paleoclimatological reconstructions. When working with marine sediment cores, the most common dating tool for recent sediments is radiocarbon, but this requires calibration to convert it to calendar ages. This calibration requires knowledge of the marine radiocarbon reservoir age, and this is known to vary in space and time. In this study we provide 92 new radiocarbon measurements to improve our knowledge of the reservoir age around Greenland.
Guillaume Soulet, Philippe Maestrati, Serge Gofas, Germain Bayon, Fabien Dewilde, Maylis Labonne, Bernard Dennielou, Franck Ferraton, and Giuseppe Siani
Geochronology, 5, 345–359, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-345-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-345-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The marine reservoir age (MRA) is the difference between the 14C age of the ocean and that of the atmosphere at a given time. In geochronology, knowing the local MRA is important to derive accurate calibrated ages for 14C-dated marine material. However, MRA values for coastal West Africa are scarce. From the 14C dating of known-age bivalves from museum collections, we calculated MRA values and populated the MRA dataset for coastal West Africa over a latitudinal transect from 33°N to 15°S.
Paula A. Vignoni, Francisco E. Córdoba, Rik Tjallingii, Carla Santamans, Liliana C. Lupo, and Achim Brauer
Geochronology, 5, 333–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-333-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-333-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Radiocarbon dating is a widely used tool to establish chronologies for sediment records. We show that modern aquatic plants in the Laguna del Peinado lake system (Altiplano–Puna Plateau) give overestimated ages due to reservoir effects from the input of old groundwater and volcanic CO2. Our results reveal a spatial variability in the modern reservoir effect within the lake basin, which has implications for radiocarbon-based chronologies in paleoclimate studies in this (and similar) regions.
Lasse Sander, Alexander Kirdyanov, Alan Crivellaro, and Ulf Büntgen
Geochronology, 3, 171–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-171-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal deposits can help us reconstruct the timing of climate-induced changes in the rates of past landscape evolution. In this study, we show that consistent ages for Holocene beach shorelines can be obtained by dating driftwood deposits. This finding is surprising, as the wood travels long distances through river systems before reaching the Arctic Ocean. The possibility to establish precise age control is a prerequisite to further investigate the regional drivers of long-term coastal change.
Francesco Muschitiello, Matt O'Regan, Jannik Martens, Gabriel West, Örjan Gustafsson, and Martin Jakobsson
Geochronology, 2, 81–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-81-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-81-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present a new marine chronology of the last ~30 000 years for a sediment core retrieved from the central Arctic Ocean. Our new chronology reveals substantially faster sedimentation rates during the end of the last glacial cycle, the Last Glacial Maximum, and deglaciation than previously reported, thus implying a substantial re-interpretation of paleoceanographic reconstructions from this sector of the Arctic Ocean.
Paul D. Zander, Sönke Szidat, Darrell S. Kaufman, Maurycy Żarczyński, Anna I. Poraj-Górska, Petra Boltshauser-Kaltenrieder, and Martin Grosjean
Geochronology, 2, 63–79, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-63-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-63-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Recent technological advances allow researchers to obtain radiocarbon ages from smaller samples than previously possible. We investigate the reliability and precision of radiocarbon ages obtained from miniature (11–150 μg C) samples of terrestrial plant fragments taken from sediment cores from Lake Żabińskie, Poland. We further investigate how sampling density (the number of ages per 1000 years) and sample mass (which is related to age precision) influence the performance of age–depth models.
Cited articles
Abbott, P. M., Griggs, A. J., Bourne, A. J., and Davies, S. M.: Tracing
marine cryptotephras in the North Atlantic during the last glacial period:
Protocols for identification, characterisation and evaluating depositional
controls, Mar. Geol., 401, 81–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2018.04.008,
2018.
Arrhenius, G.: Geological record on the ocean floor, in: Oceanography,
Am. Assoc. Advan. Sci Washington, DC, 129–148, 1961.
Austin, W. E. N., Bard, E., Hunt, J. B., Kroon, D., and Peacock, J. D.: The
14C Age of the Icelandic Vedde Ash: Implications for Younger Dryas Marine
Reservoir Age Corrections, Radiocarbon, 37, 53–62,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200014788, 1995.
Bard, E.: Paleoceanographic implications of the difference in deep-sea
sediment mixing between large and fine particles, Paleoceanography, 16,
235–239, 2001.
Bard, E., Arnold, M., Duprat, J., Moyes, J., and Duplessy, J. C.:
Reconstruction of the last deglaciation: Deconvolved records of δ18O profiles, micropaleontological variations and accelerator mass
spectrometric 14C dating, Clim. Dynam., 1, 101–112, 1987.
Barker, S., Broecker, W., Clark, E., and Hajdas, I.: Radiocarbon age offsets
of foraminifera resulting from differential dissolution and fragmentation
within the sedimentary bioturbated zone, Paleoceanography, 22, PA2205,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001354, 2007.
Berger, W. H.: Planktonic foraminifera: selective solution and the
lysocline, Mar. Geol., 8, 111–138, 1970.
Berger, W. H. and Heath, G. R.: Vertical mixing in pelagic sediments,
J. Marine Res., 26, 134–143, 1968.
Berger, W. H. and Johnson, R. F.: On the thickness and the 14C age of the
mixed layer in deep-sea carbonates, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
41, 223–227, 1978.
Berger, W. H. and Killingley, J. S.: Box cores from the equatorial Pacific:
14C sedimentation rates and benthic mixing, Mar. Geol., 45, 93–125,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(82)90182-7, 1982.
Boltovskoy, E.: On the destruction of foraminiferal tests (laboratory
experiments), Révue de Micropaléontologie, 34, 12–25, 1991.
Boltovskoy, E. and Totah, V.: Preservation index and preservation potential
of some foraminiferal species, J. Foramin. Res., 22,
267–273, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.22.3.267, 1992.
Boudreau, B. P.: Mean mixed depth of sediments: The wherefore and the why,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 524–526, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.3.0524,
1998.
Bramlette, M. and Bradley, W.: Geology and biology of North Atlantic
deep-sea cores. Part 1. Lithology and geologic interpretations, Prof. Pap.
U.S. Geol. Surv., 196 A, 1–34, 1942.
Bramlette, M. N.: Pelagic sediments, in: Oceanography: Invited lectures presented at the International Oceanographic Congress held in New York, 31 August–12 September 1959, edited by: Sears, M., Am. Assoc. Advan. Sci Washington, DC, 67, 345–366, https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.34806, 1961.
Broecker, W., Bond, G., Klas, M., Clark, E., and McManus, J.: Origin of the
northern Atlantic's Heinrich events, Clim. Dynam., 6, 265–273,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193540, 1992.
Butzin, M., Heaton, T. J., Köhler, P., and Lohmann, G.: A short note on
marine reservoir age simulations used in IntCal20, Radiocarbon,
https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.9, online first, 2020.
Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Southon, J., Matsumoto, K., Feinberg, J. M.,
Sinha, A., Zhou, W., Li, H., Li, X., Xu, Y., Chen, S., Tan, M., Wang, Q.,
Wang, Y., and Ning, Y.: Atmospheric 14C∕12C changes during the last glacial
period from Hulu Cave, Science, 362, 1293–1297, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001354, 2018.
Craig, H.: The Natural Distribution of Radiocarbon and the Exchange Time of
Carbon Dioxide Between Atmosphere and Sea, Tellus, 9, 1–17,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01848.x, 1957.
Damon, P. E., Lerman, J. C., and Long, A.: Temporal Fluctuations of
Atmospheric 14C: Causal Factors and Implications, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl.
Sc., 6, 457–494, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.06.050178.002325, 1978.
de Vries, H.: Variation in concentration of radiocarbon with time and
location on Earth, Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van
Wetenschappen B, 61, 94–108, 1958.
Dolman, A. M. and Laepple, T.: Sedproxy: a forward model for sediment-archived climate proxies, Clim. Past, 14, 1851–1868, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1851-2018, 2018.
Emiliani, C. and Milliman, J. D.: Deep-sea sediments and their geological
record, Earth-Sci. Rev., 1, 105–132,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(66)90002-X, 1966.
Ericson, D. B., Broecker, W. S., Kulp, J. L., and Wollin, G.:
Late-Pleistocene Climates and Deep-Sea Sediments, Science, 124,
385–389, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.124.3218.385, 1956.
Erlenkeuser, H.: 14C age and vertical mixing of deep-sea sediments, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 47, 319–326,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90018-7, 1980.
Guillou, H., Singer, B. S., Laj, C., Kissel, C., Scaillet, S., and Jicha, B.
R.: On the age of the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion, Earth Planet.
Sc. Lett., 227, 331–343, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.018, 2004.
Guinasso, N. L. and Schink, D. R.: Quantitative estimates of biological
mixing rates in abyssal sediments, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3032–3043,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC080i021p03032, 1975.
Keigwin, L. D. and Guilderson, T. P.: Bioturbation artifacts in zero-age
sediments, Paleoceanography, 24, PA4212, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001727, 2009.
Laj, C., Guillou, H., and Kissel, C.: Dynamics of the earth magnetic field in
the 10–75 kyr period comprising the Laschamp and Mono Lake excursions: New
results from the French Chaîne des Puys in a global perspective, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 387, 184–197,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.11.031, 2014.
Le, J. and Shackleton, N. J.: Carbonate Dissolution Fluctuations in the
Western Equatorial Pacific During the Late Quaternary, Paleoceanography,
7, 21–42, https://doi.org/10.1029/91PA02854, 1992.
Lougheed, B. C.: SEAMUS (v1.20): a Δ14C-enabled, single-specimen sediment accumulation simulator, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 155–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-155-2020, 2020.
Lougheed, B. C. and Obrochta, S. P.: MatCal: Open Source Bayesian 14C Age
Calibration in Matlab, Journal of Open Research Software, 4, e42,
https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.130, 2016.
Lougheed, B. C., Snowball, I., Moros, M., Kabel, K., Muscheler, R.,
Virtasalo, J. J., and Wacker, L.: Using an independent geochronology based on
palaeomagnetic secular variation (PSV) and atmospheric Pb deposition to date
Baltic Sea sediments and infer 14C reservoir age, Quaternary Sci.
Rev., 42, 43–58, 2012.
Lougheed, B. C., Metcalfe, B., Ninnemann, U. S., and Wacker, L.: Moving beyond the age–depth model paradigm in deep-sea palaeoclimate archives: dual radiocarbon and stable isotope analysis on single foraminifera, Clim. Past, 14, 515–526, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-515-2018, 2018.
Lougheed, B. C., Ascough, P., Dolman, A. M., Löwemark, L., and Metcalfe, B.: Model runs generated by publication “Re-evaluating 14C dating accuracy in deep-sea sediment archives” [Data set], Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3735135, 2020.
Löwemark, L. and Grootes, P. M.: Large age differences between planktic
foraminifers caused by abundance variations and Zoophycos bioturbation.,
Paleoceanography, 19, PA2001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000949, 2004.
Löwemark, L., Konstantinou, K. I., and Steinke, S.: Bias in foraminiferal
multispecies reconstructions of paleohydrographic conditions caused by
foraminiferal abundance variations and bioturbational mixing: A model
approach, Mar. Geol., 256, 101–106,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.005, 2008.
Mekhaldi, F., Muscheler, R., Adolphi, F., Aldahan, A., Beer, J., McConnell,
J. R., Possnert, G., Sigl, M., Svensson, A., Synal, H.-A., Welten, K. C., and
Woodruff, T. E.: Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the
cosmic-ray events of AD 774/5 and 993/4, Nat. Commun., 6, 8611,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9611, 2015.
Miyake, F., Nagaya, K., Masuda, K., and Nakamura, T.: A signature of
cosmic-ray increase in AD 774–775 from tree rings in Japan, Nature,
486, 240–242, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11123, 2012.
Miyake, F., Jull, A. J. T., Panyushkina, I. P., Wacker, L., Salzer, M.,
Baisan, C. H., Lange, T., Cruz, R., Masuda, K., and Nakamura, T.: Large 14C
excursion in 5480 BC indicates an abnormal sun in the mid-Holocene, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
114, 881–884, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613144114, 2017.
Müller, P. J. and Suess, E.: Productivity, sedimentation rate, and
sedimentary organic matter in the oceans – I. Organic carbon preservation,
Deep Sea Res. Pt. A, 26, 1347–1362,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(79)90003-7, 1979.
Muscheler, R., Adolphi, F., and Svensson, A.: Challenges in 14C dating
towards the limit of the method inferred from anchoring a floating tree ring
radiocarbon chronology to ice core records around the Laschamp geomagnetic
field minimum, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 394, 209–215,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.024, 2014.
Nayudu, Y. R.: Volcanic ash deposits in the Gulf of Alaska and problems of
correlation of deep-sea ash deposits, Mar. Geol., 1, 194–212,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(64)90058-1, 1964.
Olausson, E.: Studies of deep-sea cores, Sediment cores from the
Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, Report of the Swedish Deep Sea Expedition
1947–48, 8, 337–391, 1961.
Parker, F. L. and Berger, W. H.: Faunal and solution patterns of planktonic
Foraminifera in surface sediments of the South Pacific, Deep Sea Research
and Oceanographic Abstracts, 18, 73–107,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(71)90017-9, 1971.
Paull, C. K., Hills, S. J., Thierstein, H. R., and Bonani, G.: 14C Offsets
and Apparently Non-synchronous δ18O Stratigraphies between Nannofossil and
Foraminiferal Pelagic Carbonates, Quaternary Res., 35, 274–290,
1991.
Peng, T.-H. and Broecker, W. S.: The impacts of bioturbation on the age
difference between benthic and planktonic foraminifera in deep sea
sediments, Nucl.
Instrum. Meth. B, 5, 346–352, 1984.
Peng, T.-H., Broecker, W. S., and Berger, W. H.: Rates of benthic mixing in
deep-sea sediment as determined by radioactive tracers, Quaternary Res.,
11, 141–149, 1979.
Pisias, N. G.: Geologic time series from deep-sea sediments: Time scales and
distortion by bioturbation, Mar. Geol., 51, 99–113, 1983.
Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Ramsey,
C. B., Buck, C. E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P.
M., Guilderson, T. P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T.
J., Hoffmann, D. L., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kaiser, K. F., Kromer, B.,
Manning, S. W., Niu, M., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Scott, E. M.,
Southon, J. R., Staff, R. A., Turney, C. S. M., and van der Plicht, J.:
IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal
BP, Radiocarbon, 55, 1869–1887, 2013.
Rubin, M. and Suess, H. E.: U.S. Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates 11,
Science, 121, 481–488, 1955.
Ruddiman, W., Jones, G., Peng, T.-H., Glover, L., Glass, B., and Liebertz,
P.: Tests for size and shape dependency in deep-sea mixing, Sediment.
Geol., 25, 257–276, 1980.
Ruddiman, W. F. and Glover, L. K.: Vertical mixing of ice-rafted volcanic
ash in North Atlantic sediments, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,
83, 2817–2836, 1972.
Ruddiman, W. F. and Heezen, B. C.: Differential solution of Planktonic
Foraminifera, Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 14,
801–808, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-7471(67)80016-0, 1967.
Ruddiman, W. F. and McIntyre, A.: The North Atlantic Ocean during the last
deglaciation, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 35,
145–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(81)90097-3, 1981.
Ruff, M., Szidat, S., Gäggeler, H. W., Suter, M., Synal, H.-A., and
Wacker, L.: Gaseous radiocarbon measurements of small samples, Nucl.
Instrum. Meth. B, 268, 790–794, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.032,
2010.
Schiffelbein, P.: Effect of benthic mixing on the information content of
deep-sea stratigraphical signals, Nature, 311, 651,
https://doi.org/10.1038/311651a0, 1984.
Siegenthaler, U., Heimann, M., and Oeschger, H.: 14C Variations Caused by
Changes in the Global Carbon Cycle, Radiocarbon, 22, 177–191,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200009449, 1980.
Stuiver, M. and Polach, H. A.: Discussion: Reporting of 14C data,
Radiocarbon, 19, 355–363, 1977.
Stuiver, M., Kromer, B., Becker, B., and Ferguson, C. W.: Radiocarbon Age
Calibration Back to 13,300 Years BP and the 14C Age Matching of the German
Oak and US Bristlecone Pine Chronologies, Radiocarbon, 28, 969–979,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200060252, 1986.
Suess, H. E.: Radiocarbon Concentration in Modern Wood, Science, 122,
415–417, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.122.3166.415-a, 1955.
Suess, H. E.: Secular variations of the cosmic-ray-produced carbon 14 in the
atmosphere and their interpretations, J. Geophys. Res.,
70, 5937–5952, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ070i023p05937, 1965.
Teal, L. R., Bulling, M. T., Parker, E. R., and Solan, M.: Global patterns of
bioturbation intensity and mixed depth of marine soft sediments, Aquat.
Biol., 2, 207–218, https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00052, 2008.
Trauth, M. H.: TURBO2: A MATLAB simulation to study the effects of
bioturbation on paleoceanographic time series, Comput. Geosci.,
61, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2013.05.003, 2013.
Trauth, M. H., Sarnthein, M., and Arnold, M.: Bioturbational mixing depth and
carbon flux at the seafloor, Paleoceanography, 12, 517–526, 1997.
Wacker, L., Fülöp, R.-H., Hajdas, I., Molnár, M. and Rethemeyer,
J.: A novel approach to process carbonate samples for radiocarbon
measurements with helium carrier gas, Nucl.
Instrum. Meth. B, 294,
214–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2012.08.030, 2013a.
Wacker, L., Lippold, J., Molnár, M., and Schulz, H.: Towards radiocarbon
dating of single foraminifera with a gas ion source, Nucl.
Instrum. Meth. B, 294, 307–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2012.08.038, 2013b.
Waelbroeck, C., Duplessy, J.-C., Michel, E., Labeyrie, L., Paillard, D., and
Duprat, J.: The timing of the last deglaciation in North Atlantic climate
records, Nature, 412, 724–727, 2001.
Short summary
The current geochronological state of the art for applying the radiocarbon (14C) method to deep-sea sediment archives lacks key information on sediment bioturbation, which could affect palaeoclimate interpretations made from deep-sea sediment. We use a computer model that simulates the 14C activity and bioturbation history of millions of single foraminifera at the sea floor, allowing us to evaluate the current state of the art at the most fundamental level.
The current geochronological state of the art for applying the radiocarbon (14C) method to...
